Helen Frankenthaler was born
in New York
in 1928 where she was to spend most of her life. She studied at a number of art
schools and was taught at one stage by Hofmann. By 1950 she had met many of the
main figures of Abstract Expressionism. In 1958 she married the painter Robert
Motherwell.
Frankenthaler became the first
American painter after Jackson Pollock to see the implications of the color
staining of raw canvas to create an integration of color and ground in which
foreground and background cease to exist. "Mountains and Sea" (1952)
Frankenthaler's first "stained painting," marked a turning point in
her career. According to the critic, Clement Greenberg, this painting was the
'first monument
of Post-Painterly Abstraction,'
and it is certainly one of the most important works in the 'Colour-Field'
style. In "Mountains and Sea", Frankenthaler poured paint directly
onto the unprimed surface of a canvas, allowing the color to soak into its
support, rather than painting on top of an already sealed canvas as was
customary. This highly intuitive process, known as "stain painting,"
became the hallmark of her style and enabled her to create color-filled
canvases that seemed to float on air.
Frankenthaler employs an open
composition, frequently building around a free-abstract central image and also
stressing the picture edge. The irregular central motifs float within a
rectangle, which, in turn, is surrounded by irregular light and dark frames.
These frames create the feeling that the center of the painting is opening up
in a limited but defined depth. She took from Pollock the notion of fusing
drawing and painting, translating this idea into her own suggestive, mysterious
calligraphy.
In 1960 Frankenthaler made her
first prints. Since then, she has worked with a variety of printmaking
techniques in addition to painting, using each of these media to explore
pictorial space through the interaction of color and line on a particular
surface. One of her most successful prints is "Essence Mulberry "
(1977) inspired by an exhibit of medieval prints at the Metropolitan Museum of
Art.
Helen Frankenthaler's art is
held in the collection of every major museum of modern art. The stain technique
she made famous is still an integral part of her work and it can be seen
running through her entire oeuvre. Although the paintings are abstract, a
strong suggestion of landscape is often apparent, and they have been praised
for their lyrical qualities.